Australian Paper Mfg

The fourth option Is one that focuses on diminishing the environmental impact of Amp's operations. While the fourth option has merit in alleviating environmental concerns, it does not have a costive financial impact on Amp's operations. AMP created four distinct products that serve the specific needs of four consumer segments. These segments include offset printing, copy paper, taprooms, and recycled paper. The respective segments all offer different contribution margins to Amp's operations and vary greatly in their respective growth in demand over the next six years.The key operational decision is one that affords AMP the flexibility to use additional capacity to meet the growing demands of the most profitable sub-segments of the uncoated fine paper market. Conclusion AMP should choose the option outlined by the group general manager that affords the most flexibility to meet the growing demand in the uncoated fine paper market. That being considered, AMP must also meet the predeterm ined returns required by its parent corporation, Amoco.These targets are required for the release of capital to AMP, and while Amoco has set minimum return thresholds, AMP should strive to create the largest return on investment to its parent company. Option 1, described in the Appendix, satisfies this obligation to Amoco and allows AMP the most flexibility In using Increased capacity. This option also allows AMP to return considerable cash flow over the five year period without overextending Its operations beyond the market demand.Identification Key operations generalness They key operations challenge for AMP is the need to adapt its operations strategy in order to expand its capacity and meet the growing demand in the uncoated fine paper market. AMP is currently at its maximum throughput capacity and must invest considerable capital to expand its operations. The company is contemplating several different courses, each with valid business context, and must ecocide which option allo ws AMP to best meet the growing demand while maintaining and developing further competitive advantages.Operations Strategy Amp's operations strategy focuses on superior customer service and quality compared to its competitors in the fine paper industry. AMP made the decision to enter the uncoated fine paper market in 1987 and used its experience in paperboard manufacturing to Jump start this expansion. As the success of Amp's fine paper production ramped up, the company deemphasized its dependence on the paperboard market. This business decision influenced Amp's operational decision o invest in efficient technology that allowed it better quality and cost advantaged compared to its competitors.Furthermore, AMP opted to vertically integrate its operations to include pulping for non-recycled paper and the collection of used office paper in order to gather raw materials to compete in the recycled paper market. Customer Needs AMP competes to satisfy its customers' needs of quality and en vironmental performance. The company invested considerable resources in state of the art equipment that provides superior fine paper via four distinct offerings: Printing, Darting, CopyRight, and Right.Printing was designed to satisfy the offset printing needs of businesses, Darting was designed to suit form creation, CopyRight was created for everyday copying, and Right was a recycled office paper offering targeted at the environmentally conscious customer. Each of these products met the specific quality standards of its target customers. AMP utilized superior technology that created a higher quality paper than any of its competitors. Amp's investment in more efficient technology also paid off in satisfying the environmental considerations of its customers.The processes and equipment that AMP used rated fewer organogenesis than the old machines and processes of Paper Company of Australia (PICA), Amp's chief competitor. Furthermore, Amp's investment in Right scored the endorsement o f the World Wildlife Fund for its respect for and positive impact on the environment. This coupled with Amp's initiative of the â€Å"AMP Office Paper Chase† (Upton, 1993, p. 13) placed the company well ahead of its competition in terms of satisfying the environmental performance needs of its customers.Business context Tort Immediate Decision The market for uncoated fine paper was projected to grow at a rate of 6. 5% annually for the next ten years. The market for copier paper alone, a sub-segment of uncoated fine paper, was projected to grow at a rate of 10% per year for the next decade. The CEO of AMP stated â€Å"If we sit still, we'll get hurt sometime before the year 2000. Whoever takes the next big step will have it made in Australia†¦ If PICA decides to expand†¦ What will their net increase be† (Upton, 1993, up. 15-16)?In addition to these financial considerations, AMP and the Australian paper market at large continue to face mounting pressure from env ironmental groups that are opposed to any further expansion of the paper industry. Environmentalists have urged paper manufacturers to â€Å"think globally, act locally' (Upton, 1993, p. 16) and to â€Å"reduce first, reuse second, and recycle third† (p. 16). In order to either satisfy the requests of the environmentalists or to contradict their wishes, AMP must make an operational decision sooner rather than later to avoid these mounting pressures.Analysis and Evaluation of Critical Decision Factors Competitive Analysis AMP has quickly established itself as the growing force in the domestic uncoated fine paper market in Australia. Its chief competitor is Paper Company of Australia PICA). PICA dominated the Australian uncoated and coated fine paper market for many years with virtually no domestic competition. Pica's processes and equipment are out-of-date and still rely on machinery that was manufactured in the sass.PICA also forced its customers to purchase its products thr ough merchants, while AMP developed a direct sales approach with customers. The secondary source of competition exists among the imported paper products in the Australian market. Low tariffs allowed for international competitors to enter the market and compete with domestic paper supply. Until AMP opted to enter the uncoated fine paper market, each domestic paper manufacturer in Australia kept to its own markets.Five Forces The rivalry among competing sellers in the fine paper market in Australia is fairly strong because the cost for consumers to switch products is low, the products are weakly differentiated, the competitors are roughly equal in size, many import competitors exist, and there are high exit barriers due to the high fixed costs and capital investments required to enter the fine paper market. The advantages that AMP and PICA benefit from include the rising demand for fine paper in the market ND domestic competition is limited to these two competitors. The threat of pote ntial new competitors is fairly weak in the fine paper market.This is because high barriers to entry exist in the fine paper market, including high economies of scale, experienced-based cost advantages for existing firms, high capital requirements to enter the market, and restrictive environmental policies on paper contest new entrants and the existing members generally stay in their own lanes. The potential risks associated with new entrants to the market include the rapidly growing demand for fine paper and that existing industry members could make operational changes to concentrate on the growing recycled paper segment of the fine paper market.The threat from other firms offering substitute products in the Australian fine paper market is very low. Virtually no substitutes exist for paper, and at this time, the business and personal computer market is Just beginning to take shape. Supplier bargaining power in the Australian fine paper market is also very weak. This is because both AMP and PICA have vertically integrated their operations. AMP controls its own foresting, pulp mills, and paper manufacturing plants. While he foresting areas are limited, AMP has utilized a replanting strategy which creates more trees than it presently uses in its operations.Therefore, there is no need to use outside suppliers for its operations. The bargaining power of buyers is only a moderate risk to AMP and the Australian paper market. Buyers have limited power because the cost of switching products is low and the products are generally undifferentiated. However, the buyers are small and numerous relative to the sellers in the market, buyer's information regarding sellers is limited in quantity and quality, ND buyers are generally not price sensitive in this market because paper purchases are a small part of the total purchases and cost structure of most organizations.STOW Analysts The STOW Analysis for AMP reveals the following: Strengths ; Highest quality domestic paper prod ucts ; Most efficient domestic paper-making technology with customers ; Direct relationships ; Focused products on four distinct customer segments ; Satisfy customer needs of quality and environmental performance ; Part of a larger company (Amoco) with ability to invest capital in growth ; One of only two domestic fine paper manufacturers in country strength in fine paper processes Right paper product Weaknesses ; Expertise in paperboard has translated to ; Endorsement of World Wildlife Fund for ; Relatively new to the fine paper market ; Brands/products not as well-known as heritage market brands Insufficient capacity to meet growing demand ; High expansion costs/capital required ; High fixed costs Opportunities ; AMP Office Paper Chase initiative to gather more recycled paper ; Ability to expand Ana capture greater snare AT growing Tine paper market ; Recycled paper market growing with support of environmentalists Non-chlorine bleaching process technologies available ; PICA is in the corsairs of environmental groups Threats ; Mounting pressure against expansion from environmental groups Possible legislation/litigation against manufacturing processes ; PICA may invest in new technology/opt to expand its operations ; Import competitors may create newer, higher quality, and/or low cost products to gain market share ; New competitors, domestic or international, may enter the market ; Disease that affects trees/replanting efforts Financial Analysis AMP had no presence in the uncoated fine paper market in 1986. I Long-term Uncoated Fine Paper Market in Australia (000 tones) 11986 1 I Category I Forecast I Demand I I Continuous Forms I PICA I Make Share I Imports I I Category I Demand I I Offset Printing 144 178 16 17. 7% I Copier 10 1150 166 144. 0% 1302 195 I I Recycled 131. 5% I 130 123 176. 7% I Total Amp's contribution margin per product is driven first by its recycled paper, then its copier paper, followed by offset printing paper and continuous forms.Copier paper comprises the largest percentage of Amp's manufacturing, followed by offset printing, continuous forms, and recycled paper, respectively. Contribution Margin for AMP in I 11989 I Tones I Produced 117,000 | 28,000 125,000 | 7,000 I Contribution I per tone | $460 1260 1490 1610 I Total Contribution I Share 7820,oho 124. 7% 123. 0% 138. 7% 113. 5% I I Copier I I Total The group general manager of AMP outlined four potential capital projects in the case study. Each of these options and their respective costs relative to the capacity they provide are outlined in the table below. Option 1 provides the best cost per tone AAA t 01 IANAL capacity galena AMP. Upton 3 proposes no allotment capacity Tort I Evaluation of capital expenditures and options I Lipton 1 I I Machine 3 at Marble expanded from 70,000 to 100,000 tones for $MOM I Capacity may be used for expansion of any fine paper product production (installation time) 30,000 additional capacity I I Unknown: Time from investment to I Additional capacity Capital required 1,166. 67 I Price per tone of I Lipton 2 I Fairfield expansion from 7,000 tones to 1 5,000 tones for $MOM I Capacity may be used for expansion of recycled paper 8,000 2,250. 00 I Lipton 3 Investment in technology to reduce organogenesis has no impact on Amp's capacity or throughput respectively, with no return on investmentI Requires $MOM and $MM I | $MOM investment would reduce throughput by 5% I Lipton 4 I I Investment to purchase/ install new paper machine with 150,000 tones capacity for $MOM I I Capacity may be used for expansion of any fine paper product I lunation: cost of new pulp mill associated with this project, return garnered from selling excess pulp capacity, I Demand for coated paper market 1 50,000 I Capital required 2,333. 33 Price per tone AT allotment capacity Alternative Recommendations Option 3 from the financial analysis has been eliminated, as it offers no additional capacity. Because additional capacity represents the lar gest opportunity for AMP, only capital projects that yield greater capacity should be considered at this time. The remaining three options and a combination option are presented in the table in the Appendix. Recommendation and Plan of Action It is recommended that AMP utilizes Option 1 immediately.Option 1 is the only option that provides a near-immediate increase in capacity while satisfying Amos's requirement (Amp's parent company) off 20% rate of return. The first option provides over $32 million in positive net present value and a 36. 1% internal rate of return over the course of the next five years. Option 1 also yields the most flexibility in satisfying the growing demand in the uncoated fine paper market. Option 2 does turn a positive net present value of $1. 8 million for AMP, but only provides a 10. 67% internal rate of return. Because the project only yields an additional 8,000 tones of capacity, it cannot satisfy the rate of return requirements of Amoco.The third option r equires the largest outflow of capital and produces the highest level of capacity. However, market demand is insufficient to Justify this capital expense at this time. This is further supported by the negative net present value and negative rate of return calculations. Option 4 combines the first two options, in which case the combined capacity and capital outlay collectively satisfies the required return for Amoco. However, the net present value and the internal rate of return are lower with the combined option than the first option. Competitive Advantage If AMP acts on the recommendation to move forward with Option 1, it will gain the competitive advantage of capacity.However, even with the added capacity granted y Option 1, AMP can only expect to reach parity with the capacity of PICA. This is supported by Pica's current output of 108,000 tones of uncoated fine paper and Amp's current output of 77,000 tones. With neither domestic competitor in position to take full advantage of t he market's growing demand for uncoated fine paper, which will reach 305,000 tones by 1995, import competitors may gain the largest competitive advantage. ‘s principle competitive advantage In ten market Is ten quality AT Its products Because AMP has invested considerable capital into newer technology than PICA, it is n a better position to continue this domestic lead over its rival.Similarly, Amp's investment in more efficient technology has placed it in a better position to deal with the environmental concerns associated with paper manufacturing. Conversely, Pica's outdated technology and processes create more pollution and have caused it to become the target of environmentalist groups. Impact to Business, Customers, and Competitors If AMP is able to enact Option 1, it stands to gain over $15 million in additional cash flow per year, in addition to $32 million in positive net present value over the course of five years, and a 36. % return on its investment. This increase in capacity will also allow AMP to match the output of the market leader, PICA.The customers of the Australian paper market stand to benefit from Amp's additional capacity in terms of quality, availability, and environmental performance. AMP uses more efficient technology to create higher quality products. The increase in capacity from AMP will allow these products to be available to more consumers. Amp's emphasis on recycled paper manufacturing will also help to satisfy the growing demand in this segment and assuage environmental concerns about increased domestic paper manufacturing PICA will be impacted, at least short term, by the increased capacity created by AMP through the utilization of Option 1. This increased capacity will allow AMP to continue its momentum in gaining market share. However, the uncoated fine paper market is growing quickly.By 1995, even with the utilization of Option 1 by AMP, neither PICA nor AMP will have sufficient capacity to meet the market demand for unc oated fine paper. Therefore, import competition will also have a strong advantage in gaining market share. The only way to prevent the market demand increases from benefiting international competitors is for AMP, PICA, or another domestic competitor to considerably expand capacity and/or enter the uncoated fine paper market. AMP must act quickly to continue its growth in the uncoated fine paper market. The market is expanding rapidly, and with both AMP and PICA operating at full capacity the market is ripe for the company that can create it. Option 1 is the most logical operational choice for AMP that also makes good business sense.Option 1 quickly expands its current capacity by 30,000 tones per year in the most versatile ill that can use the capacity to meet any demand that arises in the market. Adding any additional options presented brings down NAP and AIR for the company. However, AMP should closely monitor the uncoated fine paper market for the next several years Ana reevaluat e ten expected level AT mean IT . ten mean accelerates at a faster-than-expected pace, or once demand has reached a level in which it becomes possible for AMP to Justify the significant capital investment of a new pulp mill and large capacity machine, it should consider expanding its capacity to take advantage of this growing demand. References Upton, David. (December 13, 1993). Australian Paper Manufacturers (A). Harvard Business School. 9-691-041.

Impact of gamma rays on the germination

To find out LD50 dose for the seed and urther investigate the influence on germination and seedling parameters. The experimental results revealed that the percentage of germination had decreased after irradiation and the effect become stronger with increase of gamma dose. Parameters such as germination percentage, speed ot germination, mean daily germination, peak value and germination value had significantly decreased with increased irradiation doses. Similarly seedling parameters viz. , Root length, Shoot length, Vigour index and Root/Shoot length ratio expressed higher reduction at higher doses as compared to non irradiated control.The study clearly indicated ncrease in the deleterious effects of gamma irradiation at regular intervals, with attainment of LD50 at a dose of 1. 50 kGy. Keywords: Gamma irradiation, Groundnut, Seed germination, Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ) is popularly known as peanut. It is one of the world ‘s most popular oil seed crops, cultivated in more than 100 countries of six continents. It is the single largest source of edible oils in India and constitutes roughly about 50 percent of the total oilseeds production.Among the major Groundnut growing states there has been consistent increase in area under cultivation in Andhra Pradesh. The groundnut seed mainly comprised of protein, fat, carbohydrate which make it sensitive to radiation induced stress. Among the environmental stresses, the radiation is the most important factor, which limits production of groundnut. This would result in drastic reduction in crop yield and magnitude of reduction would depend on groundnut varieties. Not only the yield of Groundnut but also the quality of products decreases under radiation stress.The seed stage is a convenient phase in the plant's life cycle for use in radiological studies to determine relative radio sensitivity of species and the effects of various actors on radio sensitivity. Earlier experiments in this field have indicated that io nizing radiation could cause permanent genetical effects, lethal or beneficial mutations, morphological modifications and other effects in plants. Several factors may be involved in the inhibition of germination and the growth of the plants from seeds following their exposure to high irradiation doses.A number of radiobiological parameters are commonly used in early assessment of effectiveness of radiation. Methods based on physiological changes such as inhibition of seed germination and hoot and root elongation have been reported for detection of irradiated legumes. Therefore, in present study the response of groundnut seed (cv. Narayan') to gamma radiation stress on germination and seedling parameters of groundnut was investigated compared to non irradiated seed. ASIAN J. EXP. BIOL. SCI. VOL 4 (1) 2013 61 Impact of Gama Rays on the Seed Germination and Seedling Parameters of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ M. Aparna et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS T he material for the present study comprised of seed of groundnut variety Narayan'. 100 seeds were taken in 0. 1 mm thick polythene bags of 1 5 X 22cm dimension and ealed. The bags were exposed to gamma irradiation wit n doses ot O 1. 30, 1. 50, 1. 70, 1. 90, 2. 10 and 2. 30 kGy. Samples were irradiated in continuous gamma sterilization plant (GC 5000, designed by Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, Mumbai) with 444 TBq (12000Ci) and Cobalt60 source with a specific activity of 3. 01 kGy/hour at Quality Control Laboratory, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 500 030 and were compared with the observations made on untreated control. The material for irradiation was placed in an irradiation chamber located in vertical drawer inside the Lead flask. Radiation field was provided by a set of stationary Cobalt60 source placed in a cylindrical cage. The source was doubly encapsulated in corrosion resistant stainless steel pencils and was tested in acco rdance with international standards. Two access holes of 8 mm diameter were provided of service sleeves for gasses, thermocouple etc. Mechanism for rotating/stirring samples during irradiation is also incorporated. The quantity of absorbed dose (kGy) can be defined as the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of the matter at the point of interest. The experiment was carried out as per Completely Randomized Design CRD). The irradiated seed along with nonirradiated control were sown in petridishes in the laboratory. Data on germination and seedling parameters were recorded seven days after sowing under ambient condition. Germination percentage was calculated using the formula as per ISTA [10].Speed of germination of the given sample was calculated according to the formula given by Maguire [16]. Similarly, other germination parameters viz. , Mean daily germination, Peak value (Edwards [9]) and Germination value (Czebator [7]) were calculated. Seedling parameters like Shoot and root length were measured using ten seedlings ollected at random from each sample on 7th day from the seeds subjected to germination test. The shoot and root length were measured in centimeters (cm) using a scale and root/shoot length ratio was calculated using the estimates of seedling length.

Breastfeeding A Healthy And Beautiful Way For Mothers

Breastfeeding mothers face many challenges when trying to exclusively breastfeed such easy access to formula, physical complications such as pain and lack of professional and peer support. The short-term and long-term benefits of breastfeeding for mom and baby are not as widespread as health care professionals believe and it is thought that an increase in this knowledge would boost breastfeeding rates. Lack of support is one of the main reasons many mothers either do not breastfeed or quit after†¦ Breastfeeding is something that women have done since the beginning of time. However, now women have other options other than breastfeeding. Yet, researchers have found that by not breastfeeding both mothers and children might be missing out on important benefits. BREASTFEEDING CAN LEAD TO BETTER HEALTH, INCREASED BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND CREATES STRONG PARENTAL BONDS THAT AFFECTS FUTURE RELATIONSHIPS. Although there are many different variables in a woman’s lifestyle that affect the effectiveness of†¦ Breastfeeding for New Mothers Imagine how it might feel to be a new mother who has decided to breastfeed her baby. There are so many thoughts and questions swirling around in her brain. Is she doing it right? Is the baby getting enough milk? Perhaps most importantly, how to hold and position the baby. These are just a few of the questions that as an expecting mother, I wonder about. Although breastfeeding is a natural process, each new mother will go through her own process of trial and error and†¦ Breastfeeding It is amazing to see the pictures of mothers who are breastfeeding their babies. That fascinating images were created from the inspiration. Unfortunately, that image has faded in the minds of today 's women. In fact, only 15% of American women breastfeed their babies in a year, and this rate is the lowest in the world (Springen). Why? Is breastfeeding very uncomfortable? Breastfeeding has negative impact on the mothers? Is breast milk from mothers unhealthy to their infants? The answer†¦ The aggregate that will be discussed in the following paper are breastfeeding mothers, with a focus on breastfeeding mother’s that currently reside in North and West Vancouver. With Canada and Vancouver’s north shore being a multicultural community, this aggregate is made up of a diverse group of women who range in age and ethnicity. In Canada, the average age of these women is 29.6 years (â€Å"Family Life†, 2014). When looking at the province of British Columbia is should be noted that the maternal†¦ ?ISSUES OF BREASTFEEDING FOR MOTHER OF TWINS? INTRODUCTION Multiple births are often difficult and mother faces a real dilemma on breastfeeding. It is even harder in the cases of twins and the mothers are the ones who go through stress of breastfeeding. This research is done to find out what are the issues that a breastfeeding mother of twins faces along with the factors that causes the mothers to change their decision of breastfeeding. LITERATURE REVIEW Mothers always want to provide their babies†¦ Is Breastfeeding Inevitably Best for Healthy Development? Ndeye Khary Seck Brookdale Community College Psych 208 Professor Brent Costleigh 8/13/16 The biggest decision to make as an expectant mother is whether to breastfeed or formula feed the baby to come. Organizations such as World Health Organizations (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and La Leche League (LLG) recommend breastfeeding as the best option for the newborn. Most of†¦ Breastfeeding is the normal way to feed an infant. International organizations such as the World Health Organization, the International Pediatric Association, UNICEF, and the International Lactation Consultant Association promote breastfeeding. In the United States, breastfeeding is promoted by the Surgeon General, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and the American Public Health Association The American†¦ The article I chose to read and review is â€Å"Five E’s to Support Mothers with Postpartum Depression for Breastfeeding Success.† The reason I chose this article is because I have never had to work with or deal with any type of depression of my own so I want to be able to help someone else succeed in an area that I have no experience in. I know that just reading an article will not make me an expert but it will definitely give me something to start with. How to provide support to Mother’s wanting to†¦ In the past mothers depend greatly on breastmilk as the best way of feeding babies. With the advancement in technology and daily hassles, mothers turn to either breastfeed for a couple of months, then formula feed their babies. Every mother has the right to decide whether to breastfeed or bottle feed, this personal right will be supported no matter the decision. However, exclusive breastfeeding is the best thing a mother can give to her baby for the first six month of the baby’s life. This is because†¦

Sexually transmitted diseases in teens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sexually transmitted diseases in teens - Essay Example More than 30 new cases of STDs are diagnosis each day in Florida. Accordingly, 66 percent of the diagnosed cases involve peopled aged between 15 to 24 years. The County has a high sexual activity among teens and more than 50 percent of the high schools teens are sexually active. 16 percent of the teenagers have multiple sex partners while 30 percent do not use condom during condoms during sexual intercourse (National Coalition of STD Directors, 2013). Surprisingly, 93 percent of the teenagers surveyed did not use any birth control methods while about 20 percent did not receive any formal education related to prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Sexual activity among teens has increased the vulnerability to STDs, emotional distress and unwanted pregnancies. Miami-Dade STDs prevention efforts entail clinical services, surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of the reportable cases and community relations. The health department has gone further to implement awareness, events and research initiatives in curtailing new infections. There is also testing outside the public clinics, referrals and partners services for the infected persons (National Coalition of STD Directors, 2013). ... rch and other partner organizations in promoting regular HIV testing among the population, improving the public awareness on HIV and reducing the new of new infections (Heath, 2013). This initiative has enabled unique populations access HIV testing and reduce the stigma and discrimination against the HIV-positive individuals. Antiretroviral access training and peer education programs have enhanced the positive response towards testing and prevention of STDs (Heath, 2013). Target approach and nursing interventions Miami-Dade Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) control and prevention aims at reducing the incidence of STDs through screening, testing and diagnosis. The program also ensures prophylactic treatment and offers counseling to sexual partners. Surveillance efforts are conducted in order to ensure reportable STDs to either private or public health care providers. The private and public laboratories, health care providers and physicians are expected by the law to report positive STDs such as HIV and Syphilis to the MDCHD on daily basis (Heath, 2013). These cases are supposed to be reported to the State Health Office and Centers of Diseases Control and Prevention. In 2008, Miami-Dade County improved youth access to prevention and treatment services through providing school-based STD screening in public high schools (Heath, 2013). The nursing interventions have ensured that HIV-positive men especially White, Black and Hispanic men who have sex with other men are informed and screened for rectal gonorrhea and Chlamydia by the health care providers. This nursing intervention is common in areas such as Little Haiti, South Beach and Liberty City (Heath, 2013). Accordingly, HIV-positive pregnant women living in areas such as South Beach and Overtown are provided with

Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macbeth - Essay Example Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a moral support for Macbeth in winning the throne. The novel, hence, involves the two extremely different sides of our society where one gender is the symbol of strong and stubborn desires and the other gender plays a tenderly and loving role. Lady Macbeth is sometimes seen as a positive force and influence on Macbeth but critics claim that she had negative desires, cruelty and brutality dwelling in. The varying and confusing character of lady Macbeth with specific reference to her husband’s influence on her actions form a debate which is discussed in this paper using the perspectives of different critics. The paper will discuss the traits of Shakespearean women in different novels and flow the discussion towards the character of Lady Macbeth. The negative traits of her character and the brutality found in her will be discussed with special reference to the expectations of that society of women. The counterclaims about Lady Macbeth in terms of the influence of Macbeth on her character will be discussed. This discussion will be supported by evidence from the research of critics and their arguments.

To what extent is 'free jazz' really free Essay

To what extent is 'free jazz' really free - Essay Example History has a considerable degree of accuracy. The harmonic complication and improvisational enthusiasm of the typical bop combo were far from the user-friendly sound of big band swing, and the forbidding outer reaches of the 1960s. Free jazz was plainly antithetical to the notion of a mass audience. During the 20th century, most of its mass audience was mostly individuals of the low social class, prostitutes, alcoholics, and drug addicts (Stanbridge, 2008). However, after the world war two, jazz music becomes a major hit, especially in the northern America. This saw some of the best recording taking place; this includes Miles Davis who composed the kind of blue jazz music title. Also, Dave with the song timeout was successful in their singing. This is because they brought out the freshness and introduced a young audience to jazz. The success that comes from jazz made it be featured in movies and magazines. Nonetheless, of the breakthrough, it still retained its association with subs tance abuse, criminality and the shabby side of life.Jazz music began to occupy a different role in the community in the early 70s. the beginning of the 21st century marked its complete revolution both to the public and to the music industry. The general conceptualization of the music associated with a narrowly defined notion of the jazz norm has been instrumental not only as a marketing category but has served to influence the rapid mainstream positioning of an enclosed, neo-traditionalist category of jazz. This has seen particular styles and forms privileged over others. For a period of time jazz become part of life to individuals. Films industries were not left out as they also had a piece of the cake. Movies preferred choice of music was jazz, this had robust impact on the movies for they got publicity faster (Racy, 2004).

Medieval Warcraft part 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medieval Warcraft part 13 - Essay Example For example in the application of medieval weapons, greater display of mastery of technology was showed (Castle Battle, 1978). In the picture below, it would be seen how the soldiers at the time displayed maximum sense of basic mechanics and translated into technology to get their targets rightly hit. Topographically and geographically, the French and Phillip II for that matter seemed to have greater advantage the resulted in the outcome of the attack. For example the situation of the Chateau Gaillard, which was surrounded by the great river gave Phillip II and his soldiers an advantage of overcoming the dwellers of the castle by destroying the bridge and subsequently cutting short on the movements of the dwellers of the castle (Medieval Media, 2012). Indeed, if this had not been and the soldiers had had their maximum freedom to operate, the likelihood that they would have easily fought back was higher because the attack was launched in their own

Taking a Rugby Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taking a Rugby Penalty - Essay Example ("Penalty") A penalty is identified if the referee blows the whistle and raises an arm in the direction of the team to whom the penalty has been awarded. Then, the team captain has to make a decision of what to do to the ball that is already in their possession. If the captain chooses to kick a goal, the kicker places the ball on the spot where the penalty occurred, or anywhere on a direct line behind it, just like a conversion. Unlike a conversion, the defending team is not allowed to rush the kicker at any time while a penalty kick is being attempted. If the penalty kick has been successful, it is worth three points. ("Understanding") The penalized team must retreat or move back ten metres away while the team that was awarded with the penalty must restart the game. With the ball now in their possession, the team captain must decide what to do with the ball. He will then have to choose from the following choices: A tap penalty. This move is often taken quickly to exploit lack of organisation in the opposition's retreating defence. It is where a player drops the ball onto his foot and kicks it up into his arms and then carries the ball forward. ("Penalty") A kick to touch. The side with the penalty gets the throw-in to the resultant line-out, from which they have a good chance of securing possession. This is used mainly to gain territory though it is also used as a tactic to gain a platform for a rolling maul near the opponents try line and muscle over for a score. ("Penalty") A kick at goal. The kick at goal is usually taken off the ground from a sand or plastic tee (though it is possible to drop kick the ball). If it is successful, they score three points, and the opposition restarts from the centre line. If the penalty is missed, a 22 metre drop-out is awarded to the opposition. ("Penalty") A scrum. A team may opt to have a scrum. This would normally be taken if an attacking team wished to have all the defensive forwards tied up in one place allowing the backs the luxury of a one on one confrontation. Alternatively, if a team has ascendancy in the scrums they may try for a pushover try, which may result in the award of a penalty try if the scrums are deliberately collapsed by the defending side. ("Penalty") Rugby Players' Decision-Making The players' decision-making before taking penalties in rugby entails too much pressure for them. One wrong decision - that is one wrong choice from the options stated above - may cost the team the game. Decision-making is the most difficult task the coaches are face over the years. The difficulties in trying to get players to take the best option in taking penalties involve enough time and effort for both parties. Both strategic decisions regarding what kind of game plan to follow or when is would be the different moves appropriately

Ch12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch12 - Essay Example Another thing is that the personnel has the capacity to minimize the utilization of the other resources, this makes it efficient and convenient to manage a project to completion. The management of resources in a multiproject is relatively difficult for a number of reasons. Firstly, there is the challenge of linking multiple concurrent projects while ensuring that there is maximum utilization of resources in each project, this divided attention results to lower resource maximization. Secondly, the manager deals with many teams, which may present diverse challenges; therefore, there may be over-focus on one team at the expense of the rest. Finally, the switchover from project to project presents logistical challenges in establishing the precise cost of a project; though the overall engagement may be to reduce cost, it may end up increasing it. There are rules of thumb that can be applied by managers in ensuring that multiple projects are managed effectively. First, prioritization of the important and risky tasks, to such resource allocation should be given the first priority. Second, establishment of a minimal project scope. Thirdly, clear the tasks that have unclear and risky resource

Private Security Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Private Security Law - Essay Example Private security agencies have played a vital role in preventing, detecting and investigating instances of crime on the employer’s premises (Dempsey, 2010). Private security agencies have engaged in activities such as cash transportation, building surveillance using closed circuit televisions (CCTVs) and alarm systems, and private investigation of crime (Dempsey, 2010). Private security law is contained in the Private Security Officer Employment Authorization Act of 2004, which licenses and provides guidelines for the operation of private security services and agencies (Dempsey, 2010). When it is necessary to search an individual on your employer’s premises, there are certain legal risks which the security persons should be concerned about. These legal risks present potential causes of action against the personnel. Laws protect individuals from being searched, since security personnel are not authorized to search individuals for the purpose of finding evidence to arrest them (Maxwell, 1992). To have an opportunity to conduct the search, security personnel should first detain the individual after discovering the ongoing crime (Maxwell, 1992). Security personnel should not assist in, or allow any opportunity of, disposing the items stolen from the premises. According to Penal Code 846, a member of security personnel is allowed to search for weapons only if he or she believes that he or she is in physical danger after detaining the suspect. The searching officer must be in uniform and a badge to avoid any misunderstanding between him and the suspect (Dempsey, 2010). Some potential risks that can lead to criminal liability during the search include intimidation of the suspect to make him or her cooperate and confess the crime (Maxwell, 1992). Another potential risk includes the use of excessive physical force which is unreasonable in restraining the suspects who resist the search (Pastor, 2007). Use of excessive and unreasonable force will lead to bot h criminal and civil liability of the private security personnel. For instance, discharging a firearm and shooting the suspect in order to ensure the safety of the employer’s property will lead to criminal liability, since deadly force is only permissible in protecting human life (Maxwell, 1992). The use of unauthorized deadly weapons such as switch-blade knives and guns will also lead to criminal liability. For instance, proprietary security guards are usually unarmed and thus cannot carry or use any weapons such as knives, batons and guns during the search, since they are deadly weapons. The unlawful use of defensive weapons like batons or making misdemeanor arrest will lead to criminal liability, since the security guard has not actually observed the suspect committing the crime (Maxwell, 1992). If the there is a reason to believe that a particular employee of your employer was engaging in anonymous harassment of a co-worker and you wanted to confront the individual in a m eeting in your office, there are several steps that you can undertake in order to reduce the legal exposure of the company by the alleged harasser arising from the meeting. The investigator should desist from spreading any rumors, gossip or false statements about the alleged harasser and should conduct fair and impartial investigations before the meeting in order to avoid causing personal harm to the alleged haras

Importance of Education Essay Example for Free

Importance of Education Essay Providing free and quality education to children reflects the fact that every child is entitled to fundamental human rights and is to be treated with dignity. Where children are exposed to poverty, violence, abuse, or exploitation, those rights demand our urgent protection. Primary education supports children at a critical time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual growth. More broadly, education is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means of addressing structural inequality and disadvantage. Primary education provides children with life skills that will enable them to prosper later in life. It equips children with the skills to maintain a healthy and productive existence, to grow into resourceful and socially active adults, and to make cultural and political contributions to their communities. Education also transmits more abstract qualities such as critical thinking skills, healthy living, resilience, and self-confidence. An educated adult population is vital for strong economic development. It also lays the foundations for greater overall economic productivity, and the full use of new technologies for development. A system of compulsory schooling helps fight child labour. Educated and literate adults are more likely to be informed about sexual risks and better able to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. A lack of gender parity and equality in education is often a critical factor in underdevelopment. The education of women is a powerful means of sustaining improved health and education in the long term. Figures suggest that children of educated mothers are significantly more likely to be enrolled in school. The education of women also reduces fertility rates and improves the health of women, infants and children. In addition, the education of women may also address entrenched cultural views about traditional female roles as they are empowered and equipped with skills which enable them to make a full contribution to their communities. You can make a difference by entering a partnership, donating or volunteering.

A lost property Essay Example for Free

A lost property Essay A lost property is one which is found in a locality where it is likely that its true owner had no intent of placing it and the owner is not likely to find it. On the other hand, misplaced property is one which the true owner placed it somewhere and forgot to pick it up. Conversely, abandoned property is one which the true owner intended to leave somewhere due to the state it was in (Litka Inman, 1983). This plane could have been termed as lost or abandoned. The collector of the airplane Doug Chaplin, thus lost in the court ruling since the plane was a lost and found property (Stewart, Warner Portman, 2008). The plane could have remained to be the property of Chaplin but since The Navy found it and because they are the true owners; they have a right to repossess it. Chaplin should have turned the plane over to the proper authorities. Moreover, if the owner does not go to claim it for a certain time period, then the plane could be reverted back to Chaplin (Warda, 2005). The plane was ruled to be belonging to The Navy even though Chaplin could have been rewarded for his effort to recover the plane. The court could also have ruled that the plane constituted an abandoned property and thus was supposed to be a property of the government of which The Navy was also part of the government. Chaplin could never win the case because the plane’s true owners were claiming it, in addition, the law holds that lost property should be returned to the owner. Even if Chaplin collected the plane as a relic, the plane still belonged to The Navy since under the common law of America, relics are entitled to their collector unless the true owner reclaims them. References Litka, M. P. ; Inman, J. E. (1983). The legal environment of business: Public and private laws. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Stewart, M. ; Warner, R. ; Portman, J. (2008). Every landlords legal guide. Berkeley, California: Nolo. Warda, M. (2005). Landlords rights and duties in Florida. Chicago, IL: Sourcebooks, Incorporated.

Retail Market Scenario of Aluminium Foil Industry

Retail Market Scenario of Aluminium Foil Industry ABSTRACT This research is an attempt at understanding the Retail Market Scenario of Aluminium Foil Industry in Mumbai. It studies the distribution channel in the industry, factors that have led to the presence of strong brands like Freshwrappâ„ ¢ and the likes in the Kitchen Foil sector. It also includes a detailed study of the impact of Advertising Sales promotion on Direct Sale and Brand Awareness in the said product category. The main Objectives are to infer whether advertising/ Sales promotion helps Direct Sale and Brand Awareness, to make the awareness of the product to let the customers know, what our product is, its benefit and advantages. How our product is different from competitors product. The methodologies used in the project revolve primarily around primary and secondary data collection via published reports of competitors and via survey (exploratory research). The findings are that the brand awareness of the product has increased more than double within two months duration and now we should promote the specific quality of our product and increase the sales by converting the awareness of the product into sales. About The Company INTRODUTION Name of the Organization: Eggfirst BBN India Advertising Design Pvt. Ltd. Establishment Year-2004 Firm Type-Pvt. Ltd. Nature of Business- Advertising Designing Level to Expand-International Philosophy: At Eggfirst BBN India, we share similar sentiments. And to achieve that, we work that extra hard. We put in that extra effort. We stretch that extra mile. And it all directly translates into superlative work for you. We follow the old fashioned mantra your success is our glory. Values- Integrity Honesty in every action Commitment On the foundation of integrity, doing whatever it takes to deliver, as promised. Passion Missionary zeal arising out of an emotional engagement with work Seamlessness Thinking and working together across functional silos, hierarchy levels, businesses And geographies. Strategy Planning and Research It all starts with providing a strategic direction for clients objectives. Strategy Planning:Putting years of experience and expertise to use, they formulate a unique, insightful strategy to successfully achieve clients marketing objectives. Market Research:Eggfirst backs their experience and knowledge by intensive and incisive research. Thoroughly analyzing the market conditions, current trends, case studies, competition and opportunitiesall to arrive at a winning strategy. Creative Strategy and Execution Eggfirst thoughts are often limited by a straightjacket of habits, norms, conventions and presumptions. Add to that iron boots of the fear of failure. Theres need to break-away from the constraints of traditionalism and explore the unknown. Unbound even by infinity. Thats exactly what Eggfirst do. They use creativity to give clients their brand the uniqueness. SERVICES Brand Building and Corporate Identity:A distinct brand identity that stands out from the crowd in a meaningful way. Campaign:Integrated messaging across media. Print:Strategically aligned and creatively driven ads newspaper, magazine and other print media. AV/ Multimedia:TVCs as well as audio-visual representation (linear or non-linear) for corporate presentations, product presentations, launch presentations, demo presentations, etc. Radio:Innovative, meaningful and effective radio jingles to communicate your message. Outdoor:Traditional outdoor collateral like hoardings, banners and bus-panels as well as BTL collateral such as wall paintings and shop-signages. Events, Exhibitions and Promotions:Event, Exhibition and Promotion specific campaigns that include theme ideation, pre-invitation mailers, stall backdrop design, event collateral design, AV presentation, post-event mailers and gift ideas. Internal Communication:Campaign ideation and execution for internally spreading specific messages like Customer Sensitivity, Employee/ Customer Feedback, Training/ Induction, CSR, IT Awareness, Voice of Employee, Employee Motivation etc Sales and Marketing Collateral:Newsletters, brochures, presentations, white papers, case studies, data sheets, POP collateral, posters, etc. Web:Interactive website using various technology platforms, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) to drive traffic, and online campaigns (banners, mailers, newsletters etc.) including pay-per-lead email campaign. Direct Marketing:Communicating on a one-on-one basis with clients target audience through direct mailers, SMS campaign, telemarketing and other traditional as well as innovative direct marketing tools. SWOT ANALYSIS- a) STENGTH- Satisfy all needs of their customers. Delivering on time Creative and innovative in advertisement segment Quality output They have global exposure as well, with higher rewards appreciation. Team working environment is very efficient. b) WEAKNESS- Relatively new player in an extremely competitive business sector Not active into ATL advertising yet c) OPPORTUNITIES Can enter the global markets to attract global customers. Clients coming with new products to get advertisement. d) THREAT- Established Players as Competitors from domestic and international market Customers preference and taste being changed every now and then Relatively naive in the ever-blooming Advertising industry. Eggfirst BBN India is the Indian arm of BBN International, based out of Mumbai, India. A full-service advertising agency, Eggfirst offers end-to-end creative solutions for various business challenges. They are passionate about creating and fostering brands. They have a simple purpose: Create brands that people will love remember and buy. Through a combination of research, strategy, creativity and technology, they help their clients discover the potential of their brand, and unleash it. Some successful Contract- Jab ghar ki raunak badhani ho, diwaron ko jab sajana ho†¦ Come to, Eggfirst BBN India. The India focused arm of BBN International, Eggfirst BBN India is a full service ad agency offering end-to-end creative solutions for energizing brands. Paani mein rehkar bhi yeh kam gale, dhero kapde dhoye aur zyaada chale! Thats what most clients look for in their ad agency and thats exactly what they will find at Eggfirst BBN India. Combining the agility speed of a Concorde and the performance reliability of a Boeing 747, Eggfirst will take your brand on an enriching journey of aah se ah-a tak. Zyaada de ujala, din-o-din chalne wala, Eggfirst has soaked in the Indian summer for years now. Working at the ground level with some of the leading brands in India, they have rolled delightfully in the muddy puddle of marketing advertising, only to realise daag achche hai. Dhero Kapde dhoye aur Zyaada chale. Thats Eggfirst. Coming to Eggfirst BBN India with a marketing problem is like going to a restaurant when youre really hungry. Theres everything you care for (End-to-end advertising solutions). It offers a seven course meal (Research, Branding strategy, Creative strategy, Creative rendition, Media planning, Media buying, Launch). With the flavouring of clients choice (Creative, direct, humorous, emotional). Every item on the platter gets Eggfirsts special attention right from the time of handpicking the raw materials till the time they lays it out for their clients. Its a wholesome experience. Not only will the delicious food leave the client satisfied and delighted, the quality of service will simply stun them. Media planning and buying The final frontier, connecting with clients target audience in the most effective way Each brand is unique. So how why should the medium be common? Long back, a farmer in England, who used to rent out his cows to companies, came up with a unique and an extremely effective marketing strategy. He sprayed company logos on the cows. This helped the companies get recognition and visibility; increasing their brand equity.. Media Planning:Planning a mix of media, a judicious blend of traditional and innovative, in a way that it helps clients break-through-the-clutter and reach out to their target audience effectively Media Buying:Capabilities to buy media that best suits the strategy. Moreover, ensuring that ‘non-availability is never an obstacle in clients path Windfall Translating a product into a brand; a successful brand its easier said than done. An exceptional brand success story is scripted with an exceptional culture. And thats precisely what clients will find at Eggfirst BBN India. And a lot more Globalization Integration of global expertise and network with incisive understanding of Indian conditions The sales and marketing harmony Driven by the understanding that sale is the ultimate aim and marketing the means. Adding value, subtracting expenses Focused on adding tangible value, reducing wastages If clients were a lanternEggfirst would be the oil. If clients were a pajama, Eggfirst would be the strings. Clients Oberoi Eureka Forbes Honeywell Johnson Johnson HDFC Bank Deutsche Bank Ten sports Star JP Morgan etc. Objective of the project: To infer whether Advertising/ Sales promotion helps Direct Sale and Brand Awareness. To make the awareness of the product. To let the customers know, what our product is, its benefit and advantages. How our product is different from competitors product. Methodology: The methodology followed in this project involved the following Phases: Ø Collection of Data Ø Type of the project Ø Analysis of Data Ø Conclusion Recommendation Data Collection- Data is collected by following methods- Qualitative Research: Primary Research Field Work. Secondary Research Online. Comparative/ Industry analysis Qualitative Research: Qualitative Research is about investigating the features of a market through in-depth research that explores the background and context for decision making. There are two main qualitative methods depth interviews and focus groups. However qualitative research can also include techniques such as usability testing, brainstorming sessions and vox pop surveys. Primary Research- Primary research involves gettingoriginal datadirectly about the product and market. Primary research data is data that did not exist before. It is designed to answer specific questions of interest to the business This is about filling up questionnaire, and the questionnaires were filled by Retailers as well as Consumers with two different sets of Questions. I have done research at following places. Western Suburbs: Kandivli 6.Santacruz Bandra 7. Jogeshwari Dadar 8. Malad Lower Parel 9. Andheri Powai 10. Goregaon South Bombay: Colaba Napean Sea Road Kemps Corner Central Suburbs: Kurla Chembur New Bombay: Farthest Vashi Sanpada Total Samples: 300 (min) Secondary Research- Secondary marketing research, or desk research,already exist in one form or another. It is relatively cheap, and can be conducted quite quickly .However, it tends to have been collected for reasons other than for the problem or objective at hand. So it may be untargeted, and difficult to use to make comparisons (e.g. financial data gather on Australian pensions will be different to data on Italian pensions). Comparative/ Industry analysis- Comparative or industry analysis is includes analysis with respect to another player in the same field. It gives real picture where product stands in the market. Type of the project- Market research project Analysis of Data This involves analysis of data collected by above methods. Conclusion Recommendation After completion of the entire analysis, interpretation recommendation were made on the basis of figures and diagrams. Limitations of the study: Inadequate information. Sample Size. Cannot disclose the product name as per companys guideline. Misleading answers that might affect our conclusion. Unwillingness of the Retailer to answer. Biases and prejudice due to Sales margins on the Retailers opinions. Market size of aluminium foil- Aluminium foil is widely used, the experts according to their characteristics of different applications, it is divided into more than 20 varieties. Different countries due to differences in levels of economic development, consumption structure of aluminium foil big gap there. Developed countries in Europe and the United States, aluminium foil packaging products for 70 percent of the total demand. In the Chinese market, aluminium is mainly used as industrial raw materials; manufacturing, packaging and aluminium foil only 30 percent of the total domestic demand. Into the 21st century, market competition and product homogeneity of trends, to stimulate the rapid development of the product packaging. 2002, the global packaging market size has more than 500 billion U.S. dollars The estimated markets for aluminium foil containers are as follows: Competitive Analysis of Alumunium foil: The above analysis shows that who the major players in aluminium industry. Hindalco holds the 1st position and Gul Foil is on 5th position. LITERATURE REVIEW What is Aluminum Foil- Aluminium foil is the thin metal leaf aluminium with a thickness of not more than 0.2 mm. However, most commonly used foils have thickness of 0.006 mm. It is used for various reasons like, packaging of food, packaging of pharmaceuticals product etc. Packaging today responds to consumers demands for choice and convenience as well as changed production and distribution conditions and systems. By safeguarding product quality, packaging allows products to be transported and distributed locally, regionally and even globally, thereby making valuable food resources available to a wider population. In modern households, people increasingly turn to the use of fully-prepared meals, canned and frozen foods, in a wide variety of portion sizes, to save time in cooking and preparing meals. Packaging makes this possible. Raw Materials Aluminum numbers among the most abundant elements: after oxygen and silicon, it is the most plentiful element found in the earths surface, making up over eight percent of the crust to a depth of ten miles and appearing in almost every common rock. However, aluminum does not occur in its pure, metallic form but rather as hydrated aluminum oxide (a mixture of water and alumina) combined with silica, iron oxide, and titania. The most significant aluminum ore is bauxite, named after the French town of Les Baux where it was discovered in 1821. Bauxite contains iron and hydrated aluminum oxide, with the latter representing its largest constituent material. At present, bauxite is plentiful enough so that only deposits with an aluminum oxide content of forty-five percent or more are mined to make aluminum. Concentrated deposits are found in both the northern and southern hemispheres, with most of the ore used in the United States coming from the West Indies, North America, and Australia. Since bauxite occurs so close to the earths surface, mining procedures are relatively simple. Explosives are used to open up large pits in bauxite beds, after which the top layers of dirt and rock are cleared away. The exposed ore is then removed with front end loaders, piled in trucks or railroad cars, and transported to processing plants. Bauxite is heavy (ge nerally, one ton of aluminum can be produced from four to six tons of the ore), so, to reduce the cost of transporting it, these plants are often situated as close as possible to the bauxite mines. The Manufacturing Process Extracting pure aluminum from bauxite entails two processes. First, the ore is refined to eliminate impurities such as iron oxide, silica, titania, and water. Then, the resultant aluminum oxide is smelted to produce pure aluminum. After that, the aluminum is rolled to produce foil. Refining—Bayer process The Bayer process used to refine bauxite comprises four steps: digestion, clarification, precipitation, and calcinations. During the digestion stage, the bauxite is ground and mixed with sodium hydroxide before being pumped into large, pressurized tanks. In these tanks, called digesters, the combination of sodium hydroxide, heat, and pressure breaks the ore down into a saturated solution of sodium aluminates and insoluble contaminants, which settle to the bottom. The next phase of the process, clarification, entails sending the solution and the contaminants through a set of tanks and presses. During this stage, cloth filters trap the contaminants, which are then disposed of. After being filtered once again, the remaining solution is transported to a cooling tower. In the next stage, precipitation, the aluminum oxide solution moves into a large silo, where, in an adaptation of the Deville method, the fluid is seeded with crystals of hydrated aluminum to promote the formation of aluminum particles. Calcinations, the final step in the Bayer refinement process. Smelting Smelting, which separates the aluminum-oxygen compound (alumina) produced by the Bayer process, is the next step in extracting pure, metallic aluminum from bauxite. Although the procedure currently used derives from the electrolytic method invented contemporaneously by Charles Hall and Paul-Louis-Toussaint Hà ©roult in the late nineteenth century, it has been modernized. First, the alumina is dissolved in a smelting cell, a deep steel mold lined with carbon and filled with a heated liquid conductor that consists mainly of the aluminum compound cryolite. Next, an electric current is run through the cryolite, causing a crust to form over the top of the alumina melt. When additional alumina is periodically stirred into the mixture, this crust is broken and stirred in as well. As the alumina dissolves, it electrolytically decomposes to produce a layer of pure, molten aluminum on the bottom of the smelting cell. The oxygen merges with the carbon used to line the cell and escapes in the form of carbon dioxide. Rolling foil After the foil stock is made, it must be reduced in thickness to make the foil. This is accomplished in a rolling mill, where the material is passed several times through metal rolls called work rolls. As the sheets (or webs) of aluminum pass through the rolls, they are squeezed thinner and extruded through the gap between the rolls. The work rolls are paired with heavier rolls called backup rolls, which apply pressure to help maintain the stability of the work rolls. This helps to hold the product dimensions within tolerances. The work and backup rolls rotate in opposite directions. Lubricants are added to facilitate the rolling process. During this rolling process, the aluminum occasionally must be annealed (heat-treated) to maintain its workability. As the foil sheets come through the rollers, they are trimmed and slitted with circular or razor-like knives installed on the roll mill. Trimming refers to the edges of the foil, while slitting involves cutting the foil into several sheets. These steps are used to produce narrow coiled widths, to trim the edges of coated or laminated stock, and to produce rectangular pieces. For certain fabricating and converting operations, webs that have been broken during rolling must be joined back together, or spliced. Common types of splices for joining webs of plain foil and/or backed foil include ultrasonic, heat-sealing tape, pressure-sealing tape, and electric welded. The ultrasonic splice uses a solid-state weld—made with an ultrasonic transducer—in the overlapped metal. Finishing processes For many applications, foil is used in I V / combination with other materials. It can be coated with a wide range of materials, such as polymers and resins, for decorative, protective, or heat-sealing purposes. It can be laminated to papers, paperboards, and plastic films. It can also be cut, formed into any shape, printed, embossed, slit into strips, sheeted, etched, and anodized. Once the foil is in its final state, it is packaged accordingly and shipped to the customer. Quality Control In addition to in-process control of such parameters as temperature and time, the finished foil product must meet certain requirements. For instance, different converting processes and end users have been found to require varying degrees of dryness on the foil surface for satisfactory performance. A wet ability test is used to determine the dryness. In this test, different solutions of ethyl alcohol in distilled water, in increments of ten percent by volume, are poured in a uniform stream onto the foil surface. If no drops form, the wet ability is zero. The process is continued until it is determined what minimum percent of alcohol solution will completely wet the foil surface. Other important properties are thickness and tensile strength. Standard test methods have been developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Thickness is determined by weighing a sample and measuring its area, and then dividing the weight by the product of the area times the alloy density. Tension testing of foil must be carefully controlled because test results can be affected by rough edges and the presence of small defects, as well as other variables. The sample is placed in a grip and a tensile or pulling force is applied until fracture of the sample occurs. The force or strength required to break the sample is measured. The Future of Aluminium Foil The popularity of aluminum foil, especially for flexible packaging, will continue to grow. Four-sided, fin-sealed pouches have gained wide popularity for military, medical, and retail food applications and, in larger sizes, for institutional food service packs. Pouches have also been introduced for packaging 1.06 to 4.75 gallons (4-18 litres) of wine for both retail and restaurant markets, and for other food service markets. In addition, other products continue to be developed for other applications. The increase in popularity of microwave ovens has resulted in the development of several forms of aluminum-based semi-rigid containers designed specifically for these ovens. More recently, special cooking foils for barbecuing have been developed. However, even aluminum foil is being scrutinized in regard to its environmental friendliness. Hence, manufacturers are increasing their efforts in the recycling area; in fact, all U.S. foil producers have begun recycling programs even though aluminum foils total tonnage and capture rate is much lower than that of the easy-to-recycle aluminum cans. Aluminum foil already has the advantage of being light and small, which helps reduce its contribution to the solid waste stream. In fact, laminated aluminum foil packaging represents just 17/lOOths of one percent of the U.S. solid waste. For packaging waste, the most promising solution may be source reduction. For instance, packaging 65 pounds (29.51 kilograms) of coffee in steel cans requires 20 pounds (9.08 kilograms) of steel but only three pounds (4.08 kilograms) of laminated packaging including aluminum foil. Such packaging also takes up less space in the landfill. The Aluminum Associations Foil Division is even developing an educational program on aluminum foil for universities and professional packaging designers in order to help inform such designers of the benefits of switching to flexible packaging. Aluminum foil also uses less energy during both manufacturing and distribution, with in-plant scrap being recycled. In fact, recycled aluminum, including cans and foil, accounts for over 30 percent of the industrys yearly supply of metal. This number has been increasing for several years and is expected to continue. In addition, processes used during foil manufacturing are being improved to reduce air pollution and hazardous waste. Few Brands prevailing in the market. FRESHWRAPP SUPERWRAP HOMEFOIL NUTRIWRAP JACKSON FRESHWRAPP: Hindalco is Asias largest integrated primary producer of aluminium and among the most cost-efficient producers globally. Its house foil brands include Superwrap, Freshwrapp and Freshpakk semi-rigid containers, which are convenient and popular with consumers. Delivering never-before-tried solutions to customers in India and across the globe, Hindalco has the distinction of being Indias premier supplier of foil and foil laminates — plain lacquered and printed Hindalcos best quality of Food Wrapping Foil that are basically used for wrapping food items such as chapatti, sandwiches and others. The product are available in different types of specification, they are made and developed from high quality materials. These products are available in different types specification. 11 micron X 300 mm 72 mtrs , 18 mtrs , 9 mtrs , 120 grams , 50 grams SUPERWRAP: Store About this product: Superwrap Aluminium Foil by Hindalco 72metre Keeps the food fresh and hygienic wherever you take.with this new Superwrap Pure Aluminium Foil by Hindalco. Mfg. by HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LTD. (foil division) HOMEFOIL: Hygienically safe for wrapping, storing, covering, sealing, baking and grilling of food products. Keeps food warm and fresh, with aroma and taste intact. Unique rust proof cutter for easy dispensing. Homefoil Jumbo Blue 75m x 300mm Code :A14HJB Homefoil Jumbo Yellow 35m x 300m, 500 gm Wt. Extra thick Code :A12JY Homefoil Jumbo Red 99m x 300mm Code :A8HJR NUTRIWRAP- Nutriwrap is aluminium foil which is mainly used for food packaging. It is an 11 micron aluminium foil which can be used for sweet boxes and Tiffin packaging. Ø 11 micron being used against market standard of 9 micron Ø matching international standards Ø embossed foil being launched for the first time in india Ø better strength more value for money Ø edge over competitors Products: Ø 9 meters pack (economy, standard, premium ) for house hold use. Ø special economy size of 225mm width introduced for sweet boxes . Ø 18 meters institutional pack . Ø 72 meter jumbo pack for bulk users (hotels, mass catering) Ø pull-up sheets for roti-wrap, sandwich-wrap, fast food / snacks restaurant. Why Aluminium Foil Freezer-to-oven convenience The only packaging that can withstand extreme temperature changes, aluminum can go from the freezer to the oven to the table saving time during food preparation. Microwaveability Its true aluminiumfoil containers can be used in microwave ovens!In fact, foods heat more thoroughly in aluminium than in plastic and retain more of their original texture and flavor. Transportability Aluminium containers are leak-resistant, sturdy, stackable, and keep foods fresher than plastic or Styrofoam containers. Easy clean up Choose easy clean-up or no clean-up. After cooking, save your aluminum containers and recycle them. Tri-oven ability Not only can aluminium containers be used in a microwave oven, they also stand up to conventional ovens and toaster ovens without melting, charring, or compromising the foods original flavour. These attractive properties of rolled aluminium used in packaging can be summarised (1) Durability and Strength Aluminium foil is commonly produced in the 1000 series alloys, alloyed only with iron and silicon. These alloys work harden when subject to cold deformation. The thickness (gauge), alloy and temper can be chosen so that the exact properties required can be achieved. Stamped foil containers therefore retain their shape and rigidity. (2) Lightness The low density and thinner sections of aluminium compared with some competing packaging materials means a reduced weight, saving energy in transport. (3) Thermal Conductivity Aluminium is an excellent conductor of heat and therefore the chilling and heating of the contents of aluminium packaging can take place quickly, with minimal thermal gradients. (4) Heat Resistance Aluminium packaging resists a very wide range of temperature, from the very cold to the very hot. There is no risk of cracking, melting or burning. Aluminium packaging products can be stored in the coldest deep freeze and heated in the hottest oven. (5) Barrier Properties Aluminium foil acts as a total barrier to light, gases and liquids and can extend the useful life of foodstuffs for long periods of time, measured in years. (6) Food and Drink Compatibility The vast majority of foods and drinks have no adverse effects on uncoated aluminium, so there is no contamination. With very acid or alkali ingredients a wide range of food-contact coatings are available affording full protection to the contents of the foil packaging or the can. (7) Decorative Potential Aluminium foil and can stock is compatible with all printing processes so that the contents of the foil or the can be attractively

Birth Control Through the Times Essay -- Contraceptives, Birth Control

The idea of men and women having control of their familial future is nothing new. In fact, the use of contraception dates back to ancient Egyptian times. Despite the controversy that often surrounds the use of birth control, history shows that the need for pregnancy prevention existed even before most modern religions were established. This paper will cover the colorful history of what we now know as birth control, through the centuries and up to modern times. Hopefully, this can give the audience a good idea about how necessary this concept is, and to look at the idea of controlling your destiny with objectivity. Beginning in ancient times, people saw a need to control the amount of children that they may have. One civilization in particular, the ancient Egyptians, had novel approaches to birth control. Drawings found from the time, around 3000 B.C., depicted men wearing condom like devices. This civilization also had what is called a pessary, which is an object or mixture that is inserted into the vagina to block or kill sperm. Some of their mixtures may have included pebbles, crocodile dung, or even rock salt. The Egyptians also used sea sponges drenched in lemon juice; much like a woman today might use a sponge with a spermicidal. The Egyptians weren’t the only ancient civilization to utilize birth control methods; the ancient Greeks used a method of post coital birth control. This method was employed when the couple was done with sexual intercourse, and the woman was to squat and apply pressure to the abdomen to rid the vagina of semen. Yet another approach from within the same ti me period was that of Aristotle, who recommended that women â€Å"anoint that part of the womb in which the seed falls† with olive oil, cedar oil, or f... ...e or not to have children. This is a pattern that will no doubt persist in the future as long as laws allow it. With that said, hopefully some insight can be gained by learning about the history of birth control, and perhaps it can demystify this taboo that no one wants to talk about. Works Cited Clemmitt, Maricia. "Controversies of Women's Access to Birth Control." Women's Health 2006. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 18 Feb. 2012 Cornblatt, Johanna. "The History of Birth Control." Newsweek - National News, World News, Business, Health, Technology, Entertainment, and More - Newsweek. Newsweek, 2009. Web. 18 Feb. 2012. "Religious Views on Birth Control." Wikipedia. Web. 18 Apr. 2011. http://www.wikipedia.org. Stacey, Dawn. â€Å"What Do Religions Say About Birth Control and Family Planning?† About.Com 2011. www.about.com. Web. 5 March. 2012.

Guilt in Charles Brockden Browns’ Wieland Essay -- Charles Brockden Br

Guilt in Charles Brockden Browns’ Wieland There are many ways to decide what makes a man guilty. In an ethical sense, there is more to guilt than just committing the crime. In Charles Brockden Browns’ Wieland, the reader is presented with a moral dilemma: is Theodore Wieland guilty of murdering his wife and children, even though he claims that the command came from God, or is Carwin guilty because of his history of using persuasive voices, even though his role in the Wieland family’s murder is questionable? To answer these questions, one must consider what determines guilt, such as responsibility, motives, consequences, and the act itself. No matter which view is taken on what determines a man’s guilt, it can be concluded that Wieland bears the fault in the murder of Catharine Wieland and her children. To any religious person, hearing a command from the voice of their god is reason enough to carry out the proposed action, but in the case of Wieland, a third party must take a deeper look at such a command from a God whose known character does not line up with the order He supposedly gives. This makes Wieland’s motivation questionable, especially to those who believe that a man’s motive determines a man’s guilt. In his testimony to the court, Wieland, a pious man, reveals his motive in the murders as he recounts God as saying, â€Å"‘Thy prayers are heard. In proof of thy faith, render me thy wife. This is the victim I chuse. Call her hither and here let her fall’† (190). Being a devout Christian, it is very likely that Wieland would be familiar with the Ten Commandments listed in Deuteronomy 5, and specifically, verse 17 which states, â€Å"You shall not murder†. Though in Isaiah 55:8 the Lord tells Christians to ... ...God’s voice. As Wieland retells his approaching his sister’s house before he hears the voices, he says, â€Å"‘On my way my mind was full of these ideas which related to my intellectual condition. In the torrent of fervid conceptions, I lost sight of my purpose. Some times I stood still; some times I wandered from my path, and experienced some difficulty, on recovering from my fit of musing, to regain it’† (188). Despite all of the other reasons behind Wieland’s guilt, this quote shows that he was not in his right mind on the night he murdered his wife and children. Many different views can be taken on determining guilt, but Wieland’s illogical motive behind killing his family, the disturbing consequences of his actions, his responsibility of his own deeds, and his questionable mental health all point to his guilt in the murder of Catharine Wieland and her children.

Students and School Uniforms Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Students and School Uniforms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The implication of school uniforms on the public school system would make a dramatic positive change for the students now and in the future. Currently the public school system allows casual dress code attire throughout the United States. Differing from private school institutions, where uniforms are mandatory. School uniforms are beneficial to the students and to the parents of these students. Secondly, uniforms provide structure and unity within the schools. Lastly, school uniforms make the environment in which the students conduct in for approximately 6 – 7 hrs. of their day a safer place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How much does it cost to dress for school? The prices in the fashion market targeted to school age children are on the rise yearly. â€Å"The $28 billion children's apparel market experienced continuous growth from 1998 to 2003 up 32%† (Key note publications, 2003), this statistic showing the growth in spending on fashion clothing for young children. The clothing market now being a large expense for parents of these children. The purchasing of school uniforms is proven to be less expensive than the competitive fashion market at this time. School uniforms are typically purchased yearly, with the growing child. This lessening the amount of money spent on uniforms and attention paid to the fashion market’s competiti...

Compare and Contrast Texting vs Calling Essay

What would we do without cell phones? Have you ever tried to leave your phone at home just to see how much it’s really needed in your everyday life? I have and it’s a lot harder than you think. Technology has grown so much in the past ten years then you would ever know. From little black and white flip phones to tablets with apps, games, music and pretty much anything you could ever want just in the palm of your hand. In 1973 the first cell phone was invented, and it took twenty-two years after that, 1995, to invent text messaging. Now it seems as though text messaging is among the most popular way of communication. Although texting and phone calls aim to accomplish the same task, they both have their differences. Texting can be quick and easy, saves you time and battery life and lastly, it keeps all conversations private from the public. Calling makes conversations feel more personal and professional, takes less time to explain what needs to be done and saves on your monthly bill. Everyday someone new is signing up for cell phone services. Whether it be At&t, Sprint, Verizon, US cellular, and the list goes on, we are dealt with the decision of what is more important minutes or data plan. Minutes are the allowed time per month to receive incoming and outgoing calls. Whereas, Data plan is the allowed text messages and pictures that can be sent. Nowadays most cell phone plans come with unlimited text and call minutes due to high amounts of each being placed each month. Texting is the newest and coolest thing to do among young adults. Texting allows you to say what you have to say without carrying on a long conversation. It saves you time and battery life. We all know how important it can be to save battery life when there is no charger around or if out in public with nowhere to charge it. Texting can help with explaining something to a friend about a â€Å"cute shirt† you see while shopping. Easy as one, two, three, take a picture hit forward in a text message then hit send. They will be able to see it as soon as the message is delivered. Also, texting can save you from that embarrassing moment in public when having a private conversation about yourself or someone you know. With texting there are advantages, but they also come with disadvantages. Texting can be faster and get to the point, but, when you enter in a â€Å"no service area† your message won’t get delivered at that direct moment. Could take a few hours before the recipient receives it. Which could be a disadvantage to both calling and texting. Auto correct is a feature on your phone that changes words in your sentences making them different from what you meant. Therefore, could be the cause to a message being misinterpreted by the receiver and take it the wrong way then it was intended to be understood. Causing more trouble than it should have. A big problem around the world today is the distraction with texting and driving, causing you to take your eyes and attention off the road. Hearing a voice rather than seeing a text can make a phone conversation feel more personal and make an important call have a professional touch to it. If you are going to be late for a job or professional event it is always better to call rather than text. One feature with call phones, is when calling and the other end does not answer you are able to leave a voice mail to what you were calling about. Calling takes less time to explain what you are doing and what needs to be done. Therefore having a longer conversation in a less amount of time. Another advantage to calling is getting the quick response to a question you may have rather than wait on a response. The main advantage would be unlimited minutes for incoming and outgoing calls that could help save on your monthly statement bill. If you’re on a family plan this could definitely be a plus especially if you have a big family. Have you ever had to be put on hold by the cable company, for example, and you waited ten minutes for a representative to pick up, and that moment you are waiting for the solution and beep, beep, beep the call was dropped. Nothing can be more annoying than having to call back and start all over, worried it will happen again. Having no service, just like when texting, and a call is needing to be made can cause anger/frustration in a person. Driving while talking on the phone can be just as distracting as texting, having only one hand on the wheel engaged in your conversation can cause distractions to paying attention to other drivers around you. In some tates talking on a cell phone while driving can get you a ticket and fined. Texting VS Calling can only be judged by each individuals experience and preference. A teenager will most likely choose texting, to avoid awkward phone conversations, whereas, an old fashioned mom or dad would choose to call or vice versa, everyone is entitled to their own opinion. Personally I enjoy using both, I will text when bored and want to prolong a conversation, and call if I need a quick and easy response.

Neutralization Test for Virus

NEUTRALIZATION TEST FOR computer computer virus Neutralization of a virus is delimitate as the loss of infectivity through chemical reaction of the virus with specific antibody. Virus and blood serum atomic number 18 mixed under usurp condition and consequently inoculated into cell finale, egg or animals. The presence of unneutralized virus may be detected by reactions much(prenominal) as CPE, haemadsorption/haemagglutination, plaque formation, disease in animals. The loss of infectivity is bought about by burden by the bound Ab with any one of the steps leading to the blowhole of the viral genome into the waiter cells.There atomic number 18 2 types of neutralization reaction- Reversible neutralization The neutralization process can be reverse by diluting the Ab-Ag mixture within a short snip of the formation of the Ag-Ab complexes (30 mins). It is persuasion that reversible neutralization is due to the interference with fond regard of virions to the cellular receptors eg. the attachment of the HA protein of influenza viruses to sialic acid. The process requires the saturation of the fall out of the virus with Abs.Stable neutralization with time, Ag-Ab complexes usually croak more stable (several hours) and the process cannot be reversed by dilution. Neither the virions nor the Abs are permanently changed in stable neutralization, for the idempotent components can be recovered. The neutralized virus can be reactivated by proteolytic cleavage. Stable neutralization has a unlike mechanism to that of reversible neutralization. It had been shown that neutralized virus can attach and that already given virions can be neutralized.The number of Ab molecules required for stable neutralization is considerably smaller than that of reversible neutralization, Kinetic certainty shows that even a single Ab molecule can neutralize a virion. Such neutralization is generally produced by Ab molecules that establish contact with 2 antigenic sites on different monomers of a virion, greatly increasing the stability of the complexes. An warning of stable neutralization is the neutralization of polioviruses, whereby, the attachment of the antibody to the viral capsid stabilizes the capsid and inhibits the uncoating and electric receptacle of viral nucleic acid.Viral evolution must(prenominal) head for the hills to select for mutations that change the antigenic determinants involve in neutralization. In contrast, other antigenic sites would tend to remain unchanged because mutations bear on them would not be selected for and could even be detrimental. A virus would thus prepare from an legitimate type to a transformation of types, different in neutralization (and sometimes in HI) interrogatorys, but retaining some of the original mosaic of antigenic determinants recognizable by CFTs.Because of its high immunological specificity, the neutralization test is often the standard against which the specificity of the other serolo gical techniques is evaluated. Before the neutralization test is carried out, the know components that are to be utilize must be standardized. To identify a virus isolate, a cognise pretitred antiserum is used. Conversely, to measure the antibody reply of an individual to a virus, a cognise pretitred virus is used. To titrate a known virus, serial tenfold dilutions of the isolate is disposed(p) and inoculated into a susceptible host system such as cell finale or animal.The virus terminus titre is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of virus that infects 50% of the host system eg. 50% of cell cultures civilize CPE, or 50% of animals develop disease. This conclusion dilution contains one 50% tissue culture infecting dose (TCID50) or one 50% lethal dose (LD50) of virus per unit volume. The concentration of virus generally used in the neutralization test is coulomb TCID50 or 100 LD50 per unit volume. The antiserum is titrated in the neutralization test against its homologo us virus.Serial ternary dilutions of serum is prepared and mixed with an fit volume containing 100TCID50 of virus. The virus and serum mixtures are incubated for 1 hour at 37oC. The time and temperature for incubation varies with different viruses. The mixtures are then inoculated into a susceptible host system. The endpoint titration contains one antibody unit and is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the antiserum protect against the virus. Generally 20 antibody units of antiserum is used in the neutralization tests.

The Era for Stay-at-home Dads Essay

For generations, the sexual urge habit classify within the family has been the same the receive is a be pillar of family, and he has responsibility to be a breadwinner by going out to work to pull in money rather than staying at kinsperson as a home falsifyr. However, over the past few decades, the stately sexual activity eccentric stereotypes of family has been largely changed to the point that an increase number of men choose to be provincial soda waters instead of being bread-earners. The at-home dad veer is that the go both takes on the agency of primary primary c be provider for children and plays a major part in outpouring the household. Although provincial dads pick out presented a new billet on the stereotype of family, some objectors who have satirized the at-home dad phenomenon claim that, despite a new sensation about full-time fathers, homebody fathers atomic number 18 quiesce unacceptable for the majority of general public. Because of this the a t-home dad trend has difficulties in replacing the traditional family stereotype of gender roles.Nevertheless, the object of the homebody dad is necessary for modern-day families to follow, being that non only a provincial(prenominal) dad is a helpful ratiocination for childrens education, but also a profitable weft for their wives work. What is much(prenominal) than, provincial dads return remarkable efforts on matrimonial equality and satisfaction in their marriage and they lie with their founding father a lot. Hence, homebody fathers should be advance and undersas welld by the public instead of being ridiculed and prejudiced a handst. Fathers strange growing style is greatly unspoiled for childrens education and makes children become confident, perspicacious, and self-disciplined. Gender role stereotypes in family insists that fathers ar non good at educating children comp atomic number 18d with mothers, in terms of men do not have the everlasting patience of tutoring and they may more irritable when they be facing naughty children. In fact, fathers education approaches atomic number 18 inclined to be more active, pragmatical and strict than mothers (Turner, 2). provincial(prenominal) dads ar the maiden teachers of their children, they should teach children to deal with various basic problems, not only behavioral, but also emotional.Thanks to provincial fathers particular masculine componentistics, they prefer to promote childrens intellectual progress through active playing such as building blocks and doing outside exercises than having dyspnoeicconversations. Beyond that, stay-at-home(prenominal) dads tend to create practical activities for their children like repairing gad hires and practicing first-aid measures in case children may get into unpredictable troubles in the future. When children come across frustration, stay-at-home fathers choke less immediate assistance for children, because they have particular purpose s to train their childrens adaptive capacities when children are lost in frustration. In brief, under the com deputation of stay-at-home fathers, children will be more brave, bright and independent. So, stay-at-home fathers should be trusted discernly and effrontery more chances to be involved in childrens education, their particular tutoring has an unexpected and positive effect to the children. A stay-at-home dad is a necessary decision to free his supply to devote herself to her own owninger. Couples are willing to adapt to the brand new family conventionality within the stay-at-home dad trend out-of-pocket to the fact that breadwinning mothers and full-time fathers can provide a cost-efficient and profitable life for the family.Orthodox stereotypes of gender roles in family believe that womens sacred mission is to support their spouses careers through concentrating on bringing up children at home. What is more, gender contrariety in the employment persists that men ar e more likely to be successful than women in career and this prejudiced verdict deprives womens working opportunities. However, in recent years, along with the rapid development of economy and society, gender discrimination is not as popular as before. Medved and Rawlins (11) bowl over that women are perceived to have more electric potential and are more persevering than men in fierce competition, and they can obtain more unique chances to make their career dreams come true. Meanwhile, in legion(predicate) modern families, women are earning much more than their husbands so that increasing numbers of fathers are pushed to become stay-at-home dads. In addition, close working mothers are sick about who can take care of their children considerately and economic bothy. Mothers neither want to hire nurses to take care of children by charging costly and unavoidablenessless expenses nor can they bear to make children unattended and lonely.Therefore, a stay-at-home father is the most a ppropriate and helpful assistant for his partner to develop her career, as the mother does not acquire to feel guilty and the family can save a large amount of money. The public should regard stay-at-home fathers as efficient and economic assistants for their wives rather than incompetent men, theseselfless fathers make their family more cooperative and economic. Stay-at-home father families promote marital equality and couples reach from their happy marriage (Schindler Zimmerman, 348). Gender role stereotypes in family regards men as the most authoritative character in the family, while women are submissive followers with their husbands. Obsolete family stereotypes advocate that male chauvinism is a powerful guarantee to maintain the stability and permanency of the family. Therefore, women are in lower status than their husbands in marriage and they feel aggrieved and un fine, because they seem to have lashings of housework that never finishes. What is more, womens spouses are too arrogant to understand their wives toilsome consignment for the family. Fortunately, a stay-at-home dad is good for reversing the negative fleck of a marriage.Schindler Zimmerman (350) found that leaving a parent at home to take care of children and do housework is a reasonable way to make a stay-at-home parent considerate to their partners. The role reversal of family conveys that stay-at-home dads are householders to perform all household duties so that they can deeply date their wives laborious work at home. Realizing their partners incomparable dedication to the families, stay-at-home fathers begin to put their spouses at a high status. Meanwhile, mothers are breadwinners to go to work and they are indeed experiencing the huge pressure on spouses antecedently in the piece of work so that they can compensate their husbands better. Hence, owing to stay-at-home fathers, marital equality has been rebuilt in which women can be honored and respected by their husbands. In other words, the public should set the stay-at-home dad family as a good eccentric to make more couples enjoy harmonious and cherubic marriages. Stay-at-home fathers enjoy their fatherhood and they cherish the unusual time together with their children.An inter meet record is describe by the New York Amsterdam News that set forth five girls who are growing up with stay-at-home dads who really enjoy the high quality of life, and their fathers are also willing to be full-time dads ascribable to fatherhood bringing happiness and contentment. Gender role stereotypes in family consider that fathers may get thwart and bored when they are always staying at home to deal with troublesome children and mundane housework, in view of taking care of children and doing housework are not typical behaviors for men. On the contrary, stay-at-home fathers are high-minded of becoming caregivers in thatthey thoroughly devote themselves to give children satisfactory care and accompany children to have u nforgettable childhoods. The majority of ambitious working men who are involved in busy and stressful careers are required to set aside extra hours to complete works so that they have little addressable time to concern with their childrens growth. Becoming stay-at-home dads allows such busy fathers to start new experiences with their children in which they can develop much closer and more trustful relationships with children.Stay-at-home fathers do not need to struggle with contradictory problems like how can they remainder the family and the career or what kinds of ways should they use to make up for the absence of fathers company like breadwinning fathers do. Moreover, stay-at-home fathers escape from the strong competition in the workplace so that they can recover peace of mind. In a word, stay-at-home dads enjoy the pleasure of fatherhood as they take a more eventful and active role in bringing up their children. Therefore, the public should know that stay-at-home dads are mos t willing to witness their childrens growth with joyful and relieved minds, more acceptances for such gentle fathers hump should be given. The stay-at-home father is an inevitable tendency for modern families which are profoundly influenced by the sustainable economic and social development. Children are the biggest beneficiaries to become strong, self-confident, and apt adults, since they can receive fire-new and high-efficiency education from their fathers. Women in stay-at-home father families are endowed with more fair and respectful treatment in the workplace, and their position in households can be immensely enhanced.Also, couples in stay-at-home father families can harvest more commodious and enviable marriages. Furthermore, stay-at-home fathers are joyfully shake with witnessing the wonderful growth of children. Gender role stereotypes in family should be updated to adapt the development of society and taken into consideration with a dialectical perspective. What is mo re, stay-at-home fathers are a potential and vulnerable group which moldiness be encouraged and envisaged by the public rather than being satirized and misunderstood. If people can be unsubtle and concerned towards stay-at-home fathers, more families can gain happiness and peace through this family structure. processs CitedTurner, Randell D. How Fathers vogue of Parenting Benefits Their Childrens Development. Parents as Teachers.org1-4. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.Medved, Caryn E, Rawlins, William K. At-Home Fathers and Breadwinning Mothers Variations in Constructing Work and Family Lives. Women & Language. 34.2(2011) 9-39. Print.Schindler Zimmerman, Toni. Marital Equality and Satisfaction in provincial Mothers and Stay-At-Home Fathers Families. Contemporary Family Therapy. 22.3(2000) 337-354. Print.Avezzano, Samantha, Lauro, Lucia, Howell, Jack, Robinson, Jahsway, and Staranko, Shauna. Girls with Stay-At-Home Dads Emphasize quality Time. The New York Amsterdam News, 8 Feb. 2007 A20. Prin t.